|
|
发表于 2009-2-1 21:55:00
|
显示全部楼层
让你的宝宝安睡的31个良方（摘自西尔斯网站，待翻译）
31 WAYS TO GET YOUR BABY TO GO TO SLEEP AND STAY ASLEEP EASIER
Over the years of putting our own children to sleep and keeping them asleep, and counseling thousands of other moms and dads on var#ious styles of nighttime parenting, here are some time-tested, proven attitudes and techniques. Most of these are applicable to infants and to lers of all ages.
NIGHTIME PARENTING DECISIONS
1 Develop a realistic attitude about nighttime parenting. Sleeping, like eating, is not a state you can force a baby into. Best you can do is to create a secure environment that allows sleep to overtake your baby. A realistic long- term goal is to help your baby develop a healthy attitude about sleep: that sleep is a pleasant state to enter and a secure state to remain in. Many sleep problems in older children and adults stem from children growing up with an unhealthy attitude about sleep梩hat sleep was not a pleasant state to enter and was a fearful state to remain in. Just as daytime parenting is a long-term investment, so is nighttime parenting. Teach your baby a restful attitude about sleep when they are young and both you and your children will sleep better when they are older.
对夜间育儿建立切合实际的心态。 睡觉就像吃饭一样，不是你依靠强制力就能要求宝宝按照你的意愿行事的。你最好能为宝宝睡眠建立一个安全安静的环境。 一个长期的，切合实际的目标是要帮助你的宝宝有一个健康的睡眠心态，睡眠是舒适并安全的在某处逗留。许多大一点的儿童和成人的睡眠问题，都是儿时成长中不健康的睡眠心态， 那时他们觉得睡眠不是舒适的， 并且害怕睡眠。 父母白天对宝宝无微不至的关怀，在夜间育儿上也同样需要。在孩子小的时候就先教会他舒适的睡眠心态，等到他长大以后，你们都能睡得更好一些。
2 Beware of sleep trainers. Ever since parenting books found their way into the nursery, sleep trainers have touted magic formulas promising to get babies to sleep through the night ?for a price and at a risk. Most of these sleep-training techniques are just variations of the old cry-it-out method. And technology has found its way into nighttime babycare by providing tired parents with a variety of sleep-inducing gadgets designed to lull a baby off to sleep alone in her crib: oscillating cradles, crib vibrators that mimic a car ride, and tey bears that "breathe." All promise to fill in for parents on night duty. Be discerning about using someone else's method to get your baby to sleep. Before trying any sleep-inducing program, you be the judge. Run these schemes through your inner sensitivity before trying them on your baby, especially if they involve leaving your baby alone to cry. Does this advice sound sensible? Does it fit your baby's temperament? Does it feel right to you?
2. 要注意那些睡眠训练者。自从各种育儿书籍进入幼儿园，睡眠训练者就吹嘘他们那些保证可以让宝宝睡整夜的神奇秘方，而这些秘方都是有风险和代价的。大部分睡眠训练技术都是万变不离其宗的古老方法-随他哭。这些睡眠训练技术在夜间育儿上向疲劳的父母提供各种安抚宝宝单独睡眠的工具，如晃动摇篮，模仿汽车震动的婴儿床震动器，以及会“呼吸”的泰迪熊。都承诺帮助父母度过夜间育儿。要仔细观察别人能使你的宝宝安睡的方法。在尝试任何睡眠引导方法之前，你必须做好判断。尝试这些计划前要先问问自己内心是否能承受，尤其是那些把宝宝独自留下随他哭的方法。这些建议听上去是不是合理？对你孩子的性格是否合适？ 你觉得是否能承受？
If your current daytime or nighttime routine is not working for you, think about what changes you can make in yourself and your lifestyle that will make it easier for you to meet your baby's needs. This is a better approach than immediately trying to change your baby. After all, you can control your own reactions to a situation. You can't control how your baby reacts. Use discernment about advice that promises a sleep-through-the-night more convenient baby, as these programs involve the risk of creating a distance between you and your baby and undermining the mutual trust between parent and child. On the surface, baby training sounds so liberating, but it's a short-term gain for a long-term loss. You lose the opportunity to get to know and become an expert in your baby. Baby loses the opportunity to build trust in his caregiving environment. You cease to value your own biological cues, your judgment, and instead follow the message of someone who has no biological attachment, nor investment, in your infant.
如果你目前白天或夜晚的日常生活让你不适，就考虑一下自己可以对生活方式做何种改变，来帮助你更方便的满足宝宝的需求。满足宝宝的需求要比直接企图改变宝宝更好。 总之，你只能控制你自己对环境的反应，而不能控制宝宝的反应。洞察一下那些保证宝宝睡整夜的建议，那些建议的后果可能是让你和宝宝之间产生距离， 削弱父母和孩子之间互相的信任。表面上训练宝宝看似很有用，其实是短期获益，长期损失。你将失去了解以及读懂孩子的机会，而宝宝将失去对照顾他的环境建立信任的机会。对于你自己的宝宝，你放弃了你自己生物的暗示，判断，而听从一些完全与你没有任何生物学联系和关联的人的建议。
Especially in the first six months, avoid sleep trainers who advise you to let your baby "cry-it-out." Only you can know what "it" is and how to respond appropriately to your baby. Using the rigid, insensitive "let-him-cry-it-out" method has several problems. First, it will undermine the trust your baby has for nighttime comfort. Second, it will prevent you from working at a style of nighttime parenting until you find the one that works best for you and your family and third, it may keep you and your doctor from uncovering hien medical causes of nightwaking. Nightfeedings are normal; frequent, painful nightwaking is not. (See related lessons: Hien Medical Causes of Nightwaking, Letting baby "cry it out" yes, no?, and 4 Possible Hien Causes of Colic.
在宝宝前6个月尤其要避免尝试那种让你随宝宝去哭得建议。只有你自己了解自己宝宝是什么样的，并指导如何适当的回应自己的宝宝。死板的，麻木不仁的随它哭得方法会造成很多问题。首先，会削弱宝宝对夜间舒适感的信任。 其次，会让你无法在找到一个对你和家庭最好的夜间育儿方法时去实施它。第三，可能让你和医生难以发现宝宝夜醒隐藏着的医学原因。夜间哺育市正常的，频繁而痛苦的夜醒是不正常的。（见相关文章：隐藏的医学原因造成的夜醒。让宝宝去哭，对或错，以及4 种绞痛隐藏的原因。）
3 Stay flexible. No single approach will work with all babies all the time or even all the time with the same baby. Don't persist with a failing experiment. If the "sleep program" isn't working for your family, drop it. Develop a nighttime parenting style that works for you. Babies have different nighttime temperaments and families have varied lifestyles. Keep working at a style of nighttime parenting that fits the temperament of your baby and your own lifestyle. If it's working, stick with it. If it's not, be open to trying other nighttime parenting styles. And, be prepared for one style of nighttime parenting to work at one stage of an infant's life, yet need a change as she enters another stage. Be open to trying different nighttime approaches. Follow your heart rather than some stranger's sleep-training advice, and you and your baby will eventually work out the right nighttime parenting style for your family.
3. 弹性些：没有一种方法可以在所有宝宝的所有时候都能奏效，甚至一个宝宝在不同时候也不一定奏效。不要纠结与失败的尝试。如果这个睡眠方法在你家不奏效，就放弃它。 自己尝试找一个适合你的夜间育儿方法。宝宝夜晚表现不同，而每个家庭生活习惯也不同，坚持一种适合你宝宝性格，以及你自己生活习惯的夜间育儿方法。如果这个方法奏效，就一直使用。 如果不合适了，就豁达地尝试其他方法。并且，随时准备好在宝宝成长到另一个阶段时要更换现阶段的夜间育儿方式。要听从你内心的选择而不是某个陌生人的所谓建议。你和你的宝宝最终将会找到一个适合你们家庭生活方式的正确的夜间育儿法。
4 Decide where baby sleeps best. There is no right or wrong place for babies to sleep. Wherever all family members sleep the best is the right arrangement for you and your baby. Some babies sleep best in their own crib in their own room, some sleep better in their own bassinet or crib in the parents' bedroom, other babies sleep best snuggled right ne to mommy in the parents' bed. Many parents prefer a co-sleeper arrangement. Realistically, most parents use va****s sleeping arrangements at va****s stages during the infant's first two years. Be open to changing styles as baby's developmental needs and your family situation changes.
4. 考虑一下宝宝在哪里睡最好。宝宝睡觉的地方没有对和错。家庭成员在哪里睡得最好，就是你和宝宝最佳的睡眠地点。有些宝宝在自己房间的小床睡的最香，有些喜欢睡在与父母同屋的小床或摇篮里，有些喜欢睡父母的床，依偎在妈妈身边。 很多父母喜欢与孩子一同睡眠。事实上，大部分父母在婴儿头2年里会在不同时期对婴儿睡眠做各种调整。根据孩子成长的需求和家庭情况的变化，及时调整吧。
Back to topCONDITIONING BABY TO FALL ASLEEP
Sleep is not a state you can force your baby into. Sleep must naturally overtake your baby. Your nighttime parenting role is to set the conditions that make sleep attractive and to present cues that suggest to baby that sleep is expected. Try the following sleep tight tips, which may vary at different stages in your baby's development. What doesn't work one week may work the ne.
回到宝宝最容易入睡的条件的话题。你无法强迫孩子睡觉。宝宝一定是自然而然的入睡的。在夜间育儿中你能做到的就是创造条件，让睡眠变得有吸引力的，发出暗示，使孩子觉得可以去睡觉了。在宝宝成长的不同阶段，尝试不同的保证睡眠的方法。有些方法这个礼拜不适合宝宝，可能下个礼拜就合适了。
5 Get baby used to a variety of sleep associations. The way an infant goes to sleep at night is the way she expects to go back to sleep when she awakens. So, if your infant is always rocked or nursed to sleep, she will expect to be rocked or nursed back to sleep. Sometimes nurse her off to sleep, sometimes rock her off to sleep, sometimes sing her off to sleep, and sometimes use tape recordings; and switch off with your spouse on putting her to bed. There are two schools of thought on the best way to put babies to sleep: the parent-soothing method and the self-soothing method. Both have advantages and possible disadvantages.
5. 让宝宝习惯于一种睡眠关联。婴儿夜间入睡的习惯是她在醒着的时候希望入睡的习惯。 那么如果你的宝宝经常是被摇晃着或抱着睡觉，那么他就一直希望杯摇晃着或抱着睡觉。 有时候抱着他睡，有时候摇着睡，有时候给她唱歌摇篮曲，有时候放磁带，有时候换做你的配偶来安抚宝宝入睡。有两种帮助宝宝入睡的方法，一种是父母安抚入睡，一种是自己安抚入睡。两种方法各有利弊。
×××
Parent-soothing method. When baby is ready to sleep, a parent or other caregiver helps baby make a comfortable transition from being awake to falling asleep, usually by nursing, rocking, singing, or whatever comforting techniques work.
Advantages:
Baby learns a healthy sleep attitude ?that sleep is a pleasant state to enter and a secure state to remain in.
Creates fond memories about being parented to sleep.
Builds parent-infant trust
So-called "Disadvantages": Because of the concept of sleep associations, baby learns to rely on an outside prop to get to sleep, so梐s the theory goes梬hen baby awakens he will expect help to get back to sleep. This may exhaust the parents.
Self-soothing method: Baby is put down awake and goes to sleep by himself. Parents offer intermittent comforting, but are not there when baby drifts off to sleep.
So-called "Advantages": If baby learns to go to sleep by himself, he may be better able to put himself back to sleep without parental help, because he doesn't associate going to sleep with parents comforting. May be tough on baby, but eventually less exhausting for parents.
Disadvantages:
Involves a few nights of let-baby-cry-it-out
Risks baby losing trust
Seldom works for high-need babies with persistent personalities
Overlooks medical reasons for nightwaking
Risks parents becoming less sensitive to baby's cries
Remember, in working out your own parenting-to-sleep techniques and rituals, be sensitive to the nighttime needs of your individual baby and remember your ultimate goal: to create a healthy sleep attitude in your baby and to get all family members a restful night's sleep.
6 Daytime mellowing. A peaceful daytime is likely to lead to a restful night. The more attached you are to your baby during the day and the more baby is held and calmed during the day, the more likely this peacefulness is to carry through into the night. If your baby has a restless night, take inventory of unsettling circumstances that may occur during the day: Are you too busy? Are the daycare and the daycare provider the right match for your baby? Does your baby spend a lot of time being held and in-arms by a nurturant caregiver, or is he more of a "crib baby" during the day? We have noticed babies who are carried in baby slings for several hours a day settle better at night. Babywearing mellows the infant during the day, behavior that carries over into restfulness at night.
7 Set predictable and consistent nap routines. Pick out the times of the day that you are most tired, for example 11:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. Lie down with your baby at these times every day for about a week to get your baby used to a daytime nap routine. This also sets you up to get some much-needed daytime rest rather than be tempted to "finally get something done" while baby is napping. Babies who have consistent nap routines during the day are more likely to sleep longer stretches at night.
8 Consistent bedtimes and rituals. Babies who enjoy consistent bedtimes and familiar going-to-sleep rituals usually go to sleep easier and stay asleep longer. Yet, because of modern lifestyles, consistent and early bedtimes are not as common, or realistic, as they used to be. Busy two- income parents often don't get home until six or seven o'clock in the evening, so it's common for older babies and tolers to procrastinate the bedtime ritual. This is prime time with their parents and they are going to milk it for all they can get. In some families, a later afternoon nap and a later bedtime is more practical. Familiar bedtime rituals set the baby up for sleep. The sequence of a warm bath, rocking, nursing, lullabies, etc. set the baby up to feel that sleep is expected to follow. Capitalize on a principle of early infant development: patterns of association. Baby's developing brain is like a computer, storing thousands of sequences that become patterns. When baby clicks into the early part of the bedtime ritual, he is programmed for the whole pattern that results in drifting off to sleep.
9 Calming down. Give baby a warm bath followed by a soothing massage to relax tense muscles and busy minds. Be careful, though, because this will stimulate some babies.
10 up your baby during the day. Babies need to learn that daytime is for eating and nighttime is mostly for sleeping. Some older babies and tolers are so busy playing during the day that they forget to eat and make up for it during the night by waking frequently to feed. To reverse this habit, feed your baby at least every three hours during the day to cluster the baby's feedings during the waking hours. Upon baby's first night waking, attempt a full feeding, otherwise some babies, especially breastfed infants, get in the habit of nibbling all night.
TRANSITIONING TECHNIQUES
Many infants need help making the transition from being awake to falling asleep, which is really a prolongation of the bedtime ritual that conditions baby that sleep is expected to soon follow.
11 Nursing down. Nestle ne to your baby and breastfeed or bottlefeed him off to sleep. The smooth continuum from warm bath, to warm arms, to warm breast, to warm bed is a recipe for sleep to soon follow.
奶睡。依偎在宝宝身边，亲喂或者瓶喂，让宝宝渐渐睡着。从温暖的沐浴、温暖的怀抱、到温暖的乳房、再到温暖的被窝，这个温暖的过程是让宝宝尽快入睡的秘方。
12 Fathering down. Place baby in the neck nestle position (nestle baby's head against the front of your neck with your chin against the top of baby's head. The vibration of the deeper male voice lulls baby to sleep) and rock your baby to sleep. If baby doesn't drift off to sleep while rocking, lie down with your baby, still in the neck nestle position, and let baby temporarily fall asleep draped over your chest. Once baby is asleep, ease the sleeping baby into his bed and sneak away.
爸爸也能哄睡觉。把宝宝抱在胸前，让宝宝与你面对面，你的下颚轻轻地抵着宝宝的头。爸爸低沉的嗓音带来的微微震动也是宝宝的催眠曲。在你的摇摆中，宝宝也许就睡着了，如果没睡着，那就和宝宝一起躺下。还是保持刚才的姿势，让宝宝趴在你胸前入睡。等等宝宝睡着了，轻轻地把宝宝放到小床上，再悄悄离开吧。
13 Rocking or walking down. Try rocking baby to sleep in a bedside rocking chair, or walk with baby, patting her back and singing or praying.
摇晃，抱着走动。试试坐在床边的摇椅里摇晃着哄宝宝睡，或者抱着它在房间里走动，轻轻拍着它的背，再哼哼催眠曲或者祈祷。（译者按：这个方法大概有很多妈妈要抱怨养成bb的坏习惯。最后的祈祷该是祈祷bb一分钟内就睡着。）
14 Nestling down. For some babies, the standard fall-to-sleep techniques are not enough. Baby just doesn't want to be put down to sleep alone. After rocking or feeding baby to sleep in your arms, lie down with your sleeping baby ne to you and nestle close to her until she is sound asleep. We call this the "tey- bear snuggle."
陪睡。对一些宝宝来说，常规的哄睡技巧是不够的。他们就是不想一个人躺下来睡。所以在抱着宝宝摇晃和喂奶之后，就和宝宝一起躺下来，依偎在它身旁，直到它进入深度睡眠。我们把这种方式叫做“泰迪熊的依偎”。
15 Wearing down. Some babies are so revved up during the day that they have trouble winding down at night. Place your baby in a baby sling and wear her around the house for a half-hour or so before the designated bedtime. When she is fully asleep (see limp-limb sign) in the sling, ease her out of the sling onto her bed. For babies who are used to nursing off to sleep in a mother's arms, fathers can wear their baby down to sleep and give mother a break.
慢慢入睡。对于一些白天精力旺盛的宝宝来说，在晚上安静下来入睡是困难的事。因此，在设定好的睡觉时间之前用背带背上宝宝在房间里走上大概半小时。当宝宝完全睡着了（看它四肢是不是都完全软软的耷拉着），再把它放到小床上。如果平时宝宝都是由妈妈抱着哄睡觉的，那么爸爸也可以背着宝宝哄一哄，让妈妈休息一下。
Wearing down is particularly useful for the reluctant napper. When baby falls asleep in the sling, snuggled with his tummy against your chest or draped over your chest once you lie down, you both can take a much-needed nap.
慢慢入睡对那些睡眠浅的宝宝来说特别有用。当宝宝在背带里睡着时，你可以和它一起躺下来，让它的肚子贴着你的胸口，这样你们两个都可以美美得打个盹。
16 Swinging down. Wind-up swings for winding down babies are a boon to parents who have neither the time, energy or creativity to muster up rituals of their own. Tired parents will pay anything for a good night's sleep. Once in a while a moving plastic seat may be more sleep inducing than a familiar pair of arms. Sometimes high-need babies associate a parent's body with play and stimulation and will not drift off to sleep in a human swing. For them the mechanical one is less stimulating, if not downright boring, and therefore can be a useful part of a sleep-ritual repertoire. Yet remember, high-need babies are notor#iously resistant to mechanical mother substitutes and will usually protest anything less than the real mom. Before you actually spend money on a swing, you might want to borrow one for a week or two to see if the spell of the swing will last. You may discover that you are uncomfortable with mechanical mothering and decide to get more creative. Still, swings have their moments.
摇篮。有些父母没有时间和精力，也没有发现自己的哄睡办法的创造力，那么电动摇篮就要算他们的福音了。疲惫的父母为了一晚的好觉可愿意不息一切代价。也许有时，对宝宝来说一个摇晃的塑料摇篮要比一双熟悉手臂更让人睡意盎然。有时，一些高需求宝宝会把爸爸妈妈的手臂和游戏、逗弄联系起来，所以抱在大人手上就是睡不着。对这些宝宝来说，电动摇篮就没那么令人兴奋。如果电动摇篮不至于讨厌的话，那么就是有效的哄睡必杀计。当然，要记住，高需求宝宝对人工替代品的拒绝程度是出了名的高，只要有那么点不像妈妈他们就会抵制。因此，在你真的败个电动摇篮之前，你最好考虑借一个用一两个星期，看看这招必杀计管不管用。你也许会觉得这个人工替代品让你不舒服，而你更愿意发挥创造力找个更好的必杀计。当然，电动摇篮也是可能大有用武之地的。
17 Driving down. If you've tried all the above transitioning techniques and baby still resists falling asleep, place baby in a carseat and drive around until she falls asleep. When you return home and baby is in a deep sleep, carry the carseat (with the sleeping baby) into your bedroom and let baby remain in the carseat until the first nightwaking. If she is in a deep sleep (witness the limp-limb sign ?hands unclenched, arms dangling loosely at her side, facial muscles still), you may be able to ease her out of the carseat into her own bed.
开车。要是你已经试遍了上述所有的方法，宝宝还是不睡，那么把宝宝放在安全座椅里，开车去兜风，直到它睡着。回家时如果宝宝还在安全座椅里熟睡，那就连椅子带宝宝一起搬进卧室，让它在上面睡，直到它的第一觉醒来。如果宝宝真的睡得很熟，（手脚都软绵绵得耷拉着，小手也没握拳，手臂软软得垂在身旁，神态安详），那你也许能把它从座椅里抱到床上。
18 Mechanical mothers. Gadgets to put and keep baby asleep are becoming big business. Tired parents pay high prices for a good night's sleep. It's all right to use these as relief when the main comforter wears out, but a steady diet of these artificial sleep inducers may be unhealthy. We remember a newspaper article eolling the sleep-tight virtues of a tey bear, with a tape player in his stuffing that sings or makes breathing sounds. Baby can snuggle up to the singing, breathing, synthetic bear. Personally, we are not keen on our babies going to sleep to someone else's canned voice. Why not use the real parent?
机器人妈妈。能让宝宝睡觉的小玩意儿总是会大卖。疲惫的父母为了能睡上一个好觉总是不惜代价的。当常用的安抚工具不起作用时，用用这些小玩意儿缓解一下也不错，但是长期使用这些人工哄睡工具是不利于宝宝健康的。报纸上曾盛赞一种哄睡泰迪熊。熊肚子里有一个录音机，播放歌曲，还能发出呼吸的声音。宝宝则可以抱着这个会唱歌，会呼吸的人工熊入睡。但我个人并不赞成宝宝入睡时听到的是罐装的别人的声音，而不是自己爸爸妈妈的声音。
STAY ASLEEP TECHNIQUES
Now that you've learned all the tricks of the nighttime trade to get your baby to sleep, here are some ways to keep your baby asleep. Because of the characteristics of babies' sleep cycles and easy arousability from sleep, you will notice that we purposely omit what we call the "harden your heart" method: put your baby down to sleep awake in a crib in his own room, put cotton in your ears, and let him cry himself to sleep. When he awakens, don't go into him. He will soon learn to put himself to sleep and back to sleep. We believe that this method is unsafe, runs the risk of baby losing trust, and, for infants with persistent personalities, doesn't work. Try these tips to help your baby sleep increasingly longer stretches at night.
保持睡眠状态的方法
现在你已经学习了所有夜间让宝宝入睡的技巧了，接着是一些让宝宝保持睡眠状态的办法。也许你已经注意到了，每个宝宝的睡眠循环周期和睡眠深浅都是不同的，因此我们特别摒除了所谓的“狠心”的办法，也就是说把宝宝放在小床里，一个人在房间，你自己用棉花堵上耳朵，任由宝宝哭，直到睡着。而当它醒来时，我们也不去照顾，它就很快学会自己重新入睡。我们认为这样的办法不安全，易使宝宝失去信任感，形成偏执的个性。因此这种办法是行不通的。试试下面的办法让你的宝宝晚上一觉能睡得越来越长。
19 Dress for the occasion. Try var#ious ways of swaling your baby at night. In the early months, many babies like to "sleep tight," securely swaled in a cotton baby blanket. Older infants like to sleep "loose," and may sleep longer stretches with loose coverings that allow them more freedom of movement. Oftentimes, dressing a baby loosely during the day, but swaling him at night, conditions the baby to associate sleep with swaling. A baby who gets too hot or too cold may become restless. Adjust the layering according to the temperature of the room and the sleep habits of your baby. Allergy-prone babies sleep better in 100 percent cotton sleepwear.
穿睡觉时穿的衣服。宝宝晚上睡觉时穿什么可以有各种方式。在头几个月里，很多宝宝喜欢包得紧紧得睡，稳稳得裹在包被里。大一些的宝宝喜欢睡得宽松点。因为盖得不严，宝宝有活动的空间，所以他们可以睡得更长。通常，可以让宝宝白天穿得宽松点，晚上裹得紧点，这样可以让宝宝把睡觉和裹得紧建立起联系。太热或太冷都会让宝宝焦躁不安。要根据室内温度和宝宝的睡眠习惯调整被子的厚度。敏感体质的宝宝最好用全棉的寝具。
20 Quiet in the bedroom. Since most babies can block out disturbing noise, you don't have to create a noiseless sleeping environment, yet some babies startle and awaken easily with suen noises. For these babies, oil the joints and springs of a squeaky crib, put out the dog before he barks and turn the ringer off on the phone.
卧室里保持安静。大多数宝宝都会对无关的声音充耳不闻，因此你不必刻意创造无声的睡眠环境。但有些宝宝对突然的响声很惊醒。对这些宝宝的家长来说，要给门轴和嘎嘎作响的婴儿床弹簧上点油，把狗狗赶到外面，还要把电话线拔了。
21 Darkness in the bedroom. Use opaque shades to block out the light, which may get you an era hour of sleep if you have one of those little roosters who awakens to the first ray of sunlight entering the bedroom.
卧室保持黑暗。如果你的孩子特别早起，当清晨第1缕阳光洒进来是就像个小公鸡似的把你叫醒的话，用遮光板/窗帘也许可以让你早上能争取多1个小时的睡眠。
22 Sounds to sleep by. Repetitive, nearly monotonous sounds that lull baby to sleep are known as white noise, such as the sounds of a fan, air conditioner, or even tape recordings of womb sounds or vacuum cleaner sounds. Also, try running water from a nearby faucet or shower, a bubbling fish , a loudly ticking clock, or a metronome set at siy beats a minute. (These can all be tape-recorded.) Try music to sleep by, such as tape recordings of waterfalls or ocean sounds, or a medley of easy-listening lullabies on a continuous-play tape recorder. These sleep-inducing sounds remind baby of the sounds she was used to hearing in the womb. (See 11 Ways to Soothe Fussy Babies for more sleep-inducing tips.)
用特定声音伴随入眠。一些重复的，几乎单调的声音能让宝宝平静入眠。我们称作为白噪音（用以掩盖令人心烦的杂音）。比方说电扇或空调的声音，子宫声音的录音，或者吸尘器的声音。同样，就近的水龙头或者淋浴的水声，冒泡的鱼缸，走时响亮的闹钟或者是设定为1分钟60跳的节拍器的声音（这些都可以录下来播放）也可以尝试用音乐来伴随入眠。比方说瀑布或者海洋的声音，或者连续播放的各类催眠曲。这些睡眠引导声将让宝宝想起在子宫里经常听到的声音（详见安抚吵闹的孩子的11个方法）
23 Music to sleep by. Try a continuous-play tape recording of your baby's favorite lullabies, so when she awakens she can resettle herself to the familiar sleep-inducing sound of the tape-recording. You can make a medley of your own lullabies that have been proven sleep-inducers.
用音乐伴随入眠。尝试用你孩子最喜欢的催眠曲连续播放的方式，这样当她醒来她能用自己熟悉的睡眠引导声来再次入睡。你可以自己制作经你自己验证能作为睡眠引导的催眠曲的合辑。
24 Leave a little bit of mother behind. If you have a separation-sensitive baby, leave a breast pad in the cradle, or play a continuous tape recording of yourself singing a bedtime lullaby.
留一些妈妈的味道。如果你有一个有分离焦虑的孩子，那么你可以试着在摇篮里留一块乳垫或者连续播放一些你唱摇篮曲的录音。
25 A full tummy (but not too full). While stuffing baby with a glob of cereal before bedtime seldom works, it may be worth a try. A tablespoon or two given to a baby over six months of age may get you an era hour or two. Tiny babies have tiny tummies, a bit bigger than the size of their fist. So, your baby's digestive system was designed for small, frequent feedings, which is why, in the early months, babies feed at least every 3 to 4 hours at night and more often during the day. (See Foods for Sleep)
吃得饱些（不能太胀）睡前吃些燕麦偶尔能起作用，也许值得一试。6个月以上的宝宝睡前吃1-2勺食物也许能让他多睡1-2个小时。小宝宝的胃容量很小，就比他的小拳头大一点。所以，你的孩子的消化系统只能接受少食多餐的方式。所以，这也就是为什么在小月龄的时候，宝宝夜间要起码3-4小时吃一次奶白天应更频繁（参加入睡的食物）
26 Lessen physical discomforts.
1) Clear the nose. In the early months, babies need clear nasal passages to breathe. Later they can alternatively breathe through their mouth if their nose is blocked. Bedroom inhalant allergies are a common cause of stuffy noses and consequent nightwaking. Dust-free your baby's bedroom as much as possible. (Remove fuzzy blankets, down comforters, dust-collecting fuzzy toys, etc.) If your baby is particularly allergy-prone, a HEPA-type air filter will help. As an aed nighttime perk, the "white noise" from the hum of the air filter may help baby stay asleep.
减少生理上的不适
1）清理鼻子。在宝宝小的时候，他需要保持呼吸道非常畅通。渐渐的，当孩子遇到鼻塞的时候可以用嘴和鼻子交替呼吸。吸入导致过敏性物质是鼻塞和夜里频繁醒来的比较普遍的原因。尽可能让你的卧室保持一尘不染。（比如把毛茸茸的毯子，羽绒被，积灰的毛绒玩具等拿走）。如果你的孩子特别容易过敏，一个HEPA空气过滤器也许能有帮助。而且过滤器所发出的白色噪音也可以起到帮助孩子保持睡眠的作用。
2) Relieve teething pain. Even though you may not yet be able to feel baby's teeth, teething discomfort may start as early as three months and continue off and on all the way through the two-year molars. A wet bedsheet under baby's head, a drool rash on the cheeks and chin, swollen and tender gums, and a slight fever are telltale clues that teething is the nighttime culprit. What to do? With your doctor's permission, give appropriate doses of acetaminophen just before parenting your baby to sleep and again in four hours if baby awakens.
缓解出呀疼痛。也许你还没与觉察到宝宝出牙了，但是你的孩子可能早在3个月开始到2岁长磨牙就持续一轮接一轮的感到长牙的不适。从枕下潮湿，脸颊下巴流口水，肿胀的牙龈，低烧等等都可以推断出长牙是夜奶频繁的罪魁祸首。怎么做呢？征得医生的同意，在夜奶前给孩子适当计量的对乙酰氨基酚（如泰诺林等）当宝宝醒来再吃一些。
3) Change wet or soiled diapers. Some babies are bothered by wet diapers at night, most are not. If your baby sleeps through wet diapers, there is no need to awaken her for a change ?unless you're treating a persistent diaper rash. Nighttime bowel movements necessitate a change. Here's a nighttime changing tip: If possible, change the diapers just before a feeding, as baby is likely to fall asleep during or after feeding. Some breastfed babies, however, have a bowel movement during or immediately after a feeding and will need changing again. If you are using cloth diapers, putting two or three diapers on your baby before bedtime will decrease the sensation of wetness.
换尿布。一些宝宝不喜欢夜里尿布湿了或者便便过了。如果你的宝宝在尿湿后一直睡了，不需要吵醒她换尿布。除非你正打算治疗宝宝持续的尿布疹。夜间排泄需要更换尿布。夜间换尿布的建议：如果可能的话，在喂奶前更换尿布，因为宝宝很可能在喂奶时或者喂奶后睡着。但是，一些母乳宝宝可能会在吃奶时或者吃奶后马上排泄，需要再次更换尿布。如果你使用布尿布的话，在入睡前放2-3层尿布可以减少潮湿对宝宝的刺激。
4) Remove irritating sleepwear. Some babies cannot settle in synthetic sleepwear. A mother in our practice went through our whole checklist of nightwaking causes until she discovered her baby was sensitive to polyester sleepers. Once she changed to 100 percent cotton clothing, her baby slept better. Be#sides being restless, some babies show skin allergies to new clothing, detergents and fabric softeners by breaking out in a rash.
不要穿刺激皮肤的睡衣。一些宝宝不能接受化纤的睡衣。有一位母亲在实验了所有我们列出来导致夜奶的原因后发现她的孩子对聚酯睡衣很敏感。一旦她换成了全棉的衣物后，她宝宝的睡眠质量改善。除了辗转反侧外，一些孩子会对新衣物、清洁剂或者织物柔软剂皮肤过敏，甚至发出红疹。
5) Remove airborne irritants. Environmental irritants may cause congested breathing passages and awaken baby. Common household examples are cigarette smoke, baby powder, paint fumes, hair spray, animal dander (keep animals out of an allergic child's bedroom), plants, clothing (especially wool), stuffed animals, dust from a bed canopy, feather pillows, blankets, and fuzzy toys that collect lint and dust. If your baby consistently awakens with a stuffy nose, suspect irritants or allergens in the bedroom.
拿走空气传播的刺激物。环境刺激有可能导致宝宝呼吸道不畅并醒过来。比较常见的有香烟、爽身粉、油漆味、定型水、动物皮屑（让动物远离过敏性孩子的卧室）、植物、衣物（特别是羊毛）、长毛动物、床帐顶棚的灰尘、羽绒枕、毛毯以及容易积攒线头灰尘的毛绒玩具。如果你的孩子醒来时总是鼻子不同，先检查一下卧室里是否有刺激物或者容易引起过敏的物质。
27 A warm bed. Placing a warm baby onto cold sheets can cause trouble. Especially in cold weather, use flannel sheets or place a warm towel on the sheets to warm them, and remove it before placing baby on the warmed sheets.
一张暖和的床。把一个暖和和的宝宝放在冷冰冰的床单上也许会带来麻烦。特别在寒冷的天气里，可以在宝宝睡上去之前用热毛巾捂一下床单或者用法兰绒的床单。
28 Create the right bedroom temperature and humidity. A consistent bedroom temperature of around 70 degrees F is preferable. Also, a liba humidity of around 50 percent is most conducive to sleep. Dry air may leave baby with a stuffy nose that awakens him. Yet, too high a humidity fosters allergy-producing molds. A warm-mist vaporizer in your baby's sleeping area helps maintain an adequate and consistent liba humidity, especially with central heating during the winter months. (And, the "white noise" of a consistent hum may help baby stay asleep.)
创造适宜的卧室温度及湿度。比较理想的是让房间一直保持在70华氏度（约21摄氏度）。同时，保持50%湿度也有助于睡眠。太过干燥的空气容易让宝宝鼻塞并醒来。然而，湿度太高的话容易滋生导致过敏的霉菌。在宝宝睡觉的区域用一个加湿器能帮助保持室内恒定的湿度，特别当冬季开空调的情况下。（同时，加湿器持续发出的白色噪音也能帮助宝宝保持睡眠状态）
WHAT TO DO WHEN BABY AWAKENS
当宝宝醒来时我们该做些什么
When your baby awakens, develop a nighttime parenting approach that respects your baby's need for nighttime trust and comfort, in aition to the need for baby and parents to quickly get back to sleep. While some babies are self-soothers, being able to resettle easily and quickly without outside help, others (especially those high-need babies with more persistent personalities) need a helping hand (or breast, or whatever tool you can muster up at 3:00 a.m.). Try these back-to-sleep comforters:
当你宝宝醒来时，找到一套尊重你孩子对于夜间信任和安抚需求的夜间育儿方法，不仅仅是让你的孩子能尽快再次入睡。有些孩子可以很轻松得不需要任何外界借助就能再次入睡，而有些（特别是那些比较固执的高需求宝宝）需要一些帮助（哺乳或者任何你在三更半夜能找到的东西）尝试如下再次入眠的安抚方法。
29 Laying on of hands. Determine what your baby's nighttime temperament is. Is your baby a born self-soother who awakens, whimpers, squirms, and then resettles by herself? Or is your baby, if not promptly attended to, one whose cries escalate and becomes angry and difficult to resettle? If you can get to your baby quickly before she completely awakens, you may be able to resettle her back to sleep with a firm laying on of hands. To a the finishing touch, pat your baby's back or bottom rhythmically to match your heartbeat. Remove your hands gradually ?first one and then the other ?easing the pressure slowly so as not to startle baby awake. Sometimes fathers, perhaps because they have larger hands, are more successful in this hands-on ritual.
30 Honor your partner with his share of nighttime parenting. It's important for babies to get used to father's way of comforting and being put to sleep (and back to sleep) in father's arms, otherwise mothers burn out. A father's participation in nighttime parenting is especially important for the breastfeeding infant who assumes the luxury that "mom's diner" is open all night.
31 Detect hien medical causes of nightwaking. If you've tried all these techniques and your infant is still waking up frequently ?and painfully ? suspect there may be an underlying medical problem contributing to your baby's nightwaking. (See Hien Causes of Nightwaking) One of the most common hien medical causes of nightwaking (and colicky behavior) in babies is a condition known as gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Due to a weakness of a circular band of muscle where the esophagus joins the stomach, irritating stomach acids are regurgitated into baby's esophagus, causing pain like adults would call heartburn. Clues that your baby may be suffering from GER are: painful bursts of nightwaking fussiness, particularly after eating; frequent spitting up (although not all babies with GER spit up regularly); frequent bouts of colicky, abdominal pain; frequent bouts of unexplained wheezing; and hearing throaty sounds after feeding. Another hien medical cause of nightwaking is allergies to formula or dairy products, either in milk-based formulas or in dairy products in a breastfeeding mother's diet. Clues that milk allergies may be causing nightwaking (and colicky behavior) are bloating, diarrhea and a red rash around baby's anus, in aition to many of the signs described above under GER. If your baby is not only waking up frequently, but waking up "in pain," discuss these two medical possibilities with your doctor, since both can be diagnosed and treated, giving everyone in the family a more peaceful night's sleep.
The above tools not only help your short-term goal of getting your baby to sleep, but, more importantly, create a healthy sleep attitude that lasts a lifetime. A baby who enjoys this style of nighttime parenting learns that sleep is a pleasant state to enter and a secure state to remain in. Therein lies the key to nighttime parenting. |
|
12345
福遥写书丶福遥野外
穆尔西亚大学，你们找对机构了吗？
24fall集合啦！！！新生群开放！
